Description

Binding of the PD-1 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, to the PD-1 receptor found on T cells, inhibits T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Upregulation of PD-1 ligands occurs in some tumors and signaling through this pathway can contribute to inhibition of active T-cell immune surveillance of tumors. Pembrolizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to the PD-1 receptor and blocks its interaction with PD-L1 and PD-L2, releasing PD-1 pathway-mediated inhibition of the immune response, including the anti-tumor immune response. In syngeneic mouse tumor models, blocking PD-1 activity resulted in decreased tumor growth.

Pembrolizumab is a programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)-blocking antibody indicated: Melanoma: for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma. for the adjuvant treatment of patients with melanoma with involvement of lymph node(s) following complete resection. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): in combination with pemetrexed and platinum chemotherapy, as first-line treatment of patients with metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC, with no EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations. in combination with carboplatin and either paclitaxel or paclitaxel protein-bound, as first-line treatment of patients with metastatic squamous NSCLC. as a single agent for the first-line treatment of patients with NSCLC expressing PD-L1 [Tumor Proportion Score (TPS) ≥1%] as determined by an FDA-approved test, with no EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations, and is: stage III where patients are not candidates for surgical resection or definitive chemoradiation, or metastatic. as a single agent for the treatment of patients with metastatic NSCLC whose tumors express PD-L1 (TPS ≥1%) as determined by an FDA-approved test, with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. Patients with EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations should have disease progression on FDA-approved therapy for these aberrations prior to receiving Pembrolizumab. Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): for the treatment of patients with metastatic SCLC with disease progression on or after platinum-based chemotherapy and at least one other prior line of therapy. Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer (HNSCC): in combination with platinum and FU for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic or with unresectable, recurrent HNSCC. as a single agent for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic or with unresectable, recurrent HNSCC whose tumors express PD-L1 [Combined Positive Score (CPS) ≥1] as determined by an FDA-approved test. as a single agent for the treatment of patients with recurrent or metastatic HNSCC with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL): for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with refractory cHL, or who have relapsed after 3 or more prior lines of therapy. Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma (PMBCL): for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with refractory PMBCL, or who have relapsed after 2 or more prior lines of therapy.  Urothelial Carcinoma: for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma who are not eligible for cisplatin-containing chemotherapy and whose tumors express PD-L1 [Combined Positive Score (CPS) ≥10] as determined by an FDA-approved test, or in patients who are not eligible for any platinum-containing chemotherapy regardless of PD-L1 status. for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma who have disease progression during or following platinum-containing chemotherapy or within 12 months of neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment with platinum-containing chemotherapy. for the treatment of patients with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-unresponsive, high-risk, non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with carcinoma in situ (CIS) with or without papillary tumors who are ineligible for or have elected not to undergo cystectomy. Microsatellite Instability-High Cancer: for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with unresectable or metastatic, microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient. solid tumors that have progressed following prior treatment and who have no satisfactory alternative treatment options, or colorectal cancer that has progressed following treatment with a fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan. Gastric Cancer: for the treatment of patients with recurrent locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma whose tumors express PD-L1 [Combined Positive Score (CPS) ≥1] as determined by an FDA-approved test, with disease progression on or after 2 or more prior lines of therapy including fluoropyrimidine- and platinum-containing chemotherapy and if appropriate, HER2/neu-targeted therapy. Esophageal Cancer: for the treatment of patients with recurrent locally advanced or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus whose tumors express PD-L1 [Combined Positive Score (CPS) ≥10] as determined by an FDA-approved test, with disease progression after one or more prior lines of systemic therapy. Cervical Cancer: for the treatment of patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer with disease progression on or after chemotherapy whose tumors express PD-L1 [Combined Positive Score (CPS) ≥1] as determined by an FDA-approved test. Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): for the treatment of patients with HCC who have been previously treated with sorafenib. Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC): for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with recurrent locally advanced or metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC): in combination with axitinib, for the first-line treatment of patients with advanced RCC. Endometrial Carcinoma: in combination with lenvatinib, for the treatment of patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma that is not MSI-H or dMMR, who have disease progression following prior systemic therapy and are not candidates for curative surgery or radiation.

None.

Most common adverse reactions (reported in ≥20% of patients) were: Pembrolizumab as a single agent: fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, decreased appetite, pruritus, diarrhea, nausea, rash, pyrexia, cough, dyspnea, constipation, pain, and abdominal pain. Pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy: fatigue/asthenia, nausea, constipation, diarrhea, decreased appetite, rash, vomiting, cough, dyspnea, pyrexia, alopecia, peripheral neuropathy, mucosal inflammation, and stomatitis. Pembrolizumab in combination with axitinib: diarrhea, fatigue/asthenia, hypertension, hepatotoxicity, hypothyroidism, decreased appetite, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, nausea, stomatitis/mucosal inflammation, dysphonia, rash, cough, and constipation. Pembrolizumab in combination with lenvatinib: fatigue, hypertension, musculoskeletal pain, diarrhea, decreased appetite, hypothyroidism, nausea, stomatitis, vomiting, decreased weight, abdominal pain, headache, constipation, urinary tract infection, dysphonia, hemorrhagic events, hypomagnesemia, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, dyspnea, cough, and rash.

Based on its mechanism of action, Pembrolizumab can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. There are no available human data informing the risk of embryo-fetal toxicity. There are no data on the presence of pembrolizumab in either animal or human milk or its effects on the breastfed child or on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breastfed children, advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with Pembrolizumab and for 4 months after the final dose.

Immune-mediated pneumonitis: Withhold for moderate, and permanently discontinue for severe, life-threatening or recurrent moderate pneumonitis. Immune-mediated colitis: Withhold for moderate or severe, and permanently discontinue for life-threatening colitis. Immune-mediated hepatitis (Pembrolizumab) and hepatotoxicity (Pembrolizumab in combination with axitinib): Monitor for changes in hepatic function. Based on severity of liver enzyme elevations, withhold or discontinue Pembrolizumab, axitinib, or Pembrolizumab and axitinib. Consider corticosteroid therapy. Immune-mediated endocrinopathies: Adrenal insufficiency: Withhold for moderate and withhold or permanently discontinue for severe or life-threatening adrenal insufficiency. Hypophysitis: Withhold for moderate and withhold or permanently discontinue for severe or life-threatening hypophysitis. Thyroid disorders: Monitor for changes in thyroid function. Withhold or permanently discontinue for severe or life-threatening hyperthyroidism. Type 1 diabetes mellitus: Monitor for hyperglycemia. Withhold Pembrolizumab in cases of severe hyperglycemia. Immune-mediated nephritis: Monitor for changes in renal function. Withhold for moderate, and permanently discontinue for severe or life-threatening nephritis. Immune-mediated skin adverse reactions including, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN): Withhold for severe and permanently discontinue for life-threatening skin reactions. Other immune-mediated adverse reactions: In organ transplant recipients, consider the benefit of treatment with Pembrolizumab versus the risk of possible organ rejection. Infusion-related reactions: Stop infusion and permanently discontinue Pembrolizumab for severe or life-threatening infusion reactions. Complications of allogeneic HSCT: Allogeneic HSCT after treatment with Pembrolizumab: Monitor for hepatic veno-occlusive disease, grade 3-4 acute GVHD including hyperacute GVHD, steroid-requiring febrile syndrome, and other immune-mediated adverse reactions. Transplant-related mortality has occurred. Allogeneic HSCT prior to treatment with Pembrolizumab: In patients with a history of allogeneic HSCT, consider the benefit of treatment with Pembrolizumab versus the risk of GVHD. Treatment of patients with multiple myeloma with a PD-1 or PD-L1 blocking antibody in combination with a thalidomide analogue plus dexamethasone is not recommended outside of controlled clinical trials. Embryo-Fetal toxicity: Can cause fetal harm. Advise females of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus and to use effective method of contraception.

The safety and effectiveness of Pembrolizumab in pediatric patients have not been established. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between elderly patients and younger patients.

Immunological Chemotherapy, Immunosuppressant